Battle of Marathon in the Persian Wars

Battle of Marathon in the Persian Wars The Battle of Marathon was fought during the Persian Wars (498 BC–448 BC) between Greece and the Persian Empire. Date Using a proleptic Julian calendar, it is believed that the Battle of Marathon was fought on either August or September 12, 490 BC. Armies Commanders Greeks MilitiadesCallimachusArimnestusapprox. 8,000-10,000 men Persians DatisArtaphernes20,000-60,000 men Background In the wake of the Ionian Revolt (499 BC-494 BC), the emperor of the Persian Empire, Darius I, dispatched an army to Greece to punish those city-states that had aided the rebels. Led by Mardonius, this force succeeded in subjugating Thrace and Macedonia in 492 BC. Moving south towards Greece, Mardonius fleet was wrecked off Cape Athos during a massive storm. Losing 300 ships and 20,000 men in the disaster, Mardonius elected to withdraw back towards Asia. Displeased with Mardonius failure, Darius began planning a second expedition for 490 BC after learning of political instability in Athens. Conceived as a purely maritime enterprise, Darius assigned command of the expedition to the Median admiral Datis and the son of the satrap of Sardis, Artaphernes. Sailing with orders to attack Eretria and Athens, the fleet succeeded in sacking and burning their first objective. Moving south, the Persians landed near Marathon, approximately 25 miles north of Athens. Responding to the impending crisis, Athens raised around 9,000 hoplites and dispatched them to Marathon where they blocked the exits from the nearby plain and prevented the enemy from moving inland. They were joined by 1,000 Plataeans and assistance was requested from Sparta. Encamping on the edge of the Plain of Marathon, the Greeks faced a Persian force numbering between 20-60,000. Enveloping the Enemy For five days the armies squared off with little movement. For the Greeks, this inactivity was largely due to a fear of being attacked by the Persian cavalry as they crossed the plain. Finally, the Greek commander, Miltiades, elected to attack after receiving favorable omens. Some sources also indicate that Militiades had learned from Persian deserters that the cavalry was away from the field. Forming his men, Militiades reinforced his wings by weakening his center. This saw the center reduced to ranks four deep while the wings featured men eight deep. This may have been due to the Persians tendency to place inferior troops on their flanks. Moving a brisk pace, possibly a run, the Greeks advanced across the plain towards the Persian camp. Surprised by the Greeks audacity, the Persians rushed to form their lines and inflict damage on the enemy with their archers and slingers. As the armies clashed, the thinner Greek center was quickly pushed back. The historian Herodotus reports that their retreat was disciplined and organized. Pursuing the Greek center, the Persians quickly found themselves flanked on both sides by Militiades strengthened wings which had routed their opposite numbers. Having caught the enemy in a double envelopment, the Greeks began to inflict heavy casualties on the lightly armored Persians. As panic spread in the Persian ranks, their lines began to break and they fled back to their ships. Pursuing the enemy, the Greeks were slowed by their heavy armor, but still managed to capture seven Persian ships. Aftermath Casualties for the Battle of Marathon are generally listed as 203 Greek dead and 6,400 for the Persians. As with most battles from this period, these numbers are suspect. Defeated, the Persians departed from the area and sailed south to attack Athens directly.   Anticipating this, Militiades quickly returned the bulk of the army to the city. Seeing that the opportunity to strike the previously lightly-defended city had passed, the Persians withdrew back to Asia. The Battle of Marathon was the first major victory for the Greeks over the Persians and gave them confidence that they could be defeated. Ten years later the Persians returned and won a victory at Thermopylae before being defeated by the Greeks at Salamis. The Battle of Marathon also gave rise to the legend that the Athenian herald Pheidippides ran from the battlefield to Athens to announce the Greek victory before dropping dead. This legendary run is the basis for the modern track and field event. Herodotus contradicts this legend and states that Pheidippides ran from Athens to Sparta to seek aid before the battle. Selected Sources Battle of MarathonPersian Wars: Battle of Marathon

Research Paper on Franchising †Written for an Introductory Business Class

Research Paper on Franchising – Written for an Introductory Business Class Free Online Research Papers Research Paper on Franchising Written for an Introductory Business Class The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines â€Å"franchise† as a â€Å"privilege or right granted a person or group by a government, state or sovereign, especially suffrage†¦the grant of certain rights and powers to a corporation†¦authorization granted by a manufacturer to a distributor or dealer to sell its products.† One franchise that would be a great investment would be one in United Recovery Specialists Inc. United Recovery Specialists Inc is a repossession company. If you are interested in owning a franchise, there are certain rules and guidelines that you must follow. To be considered a franchisee, you must have a clean record, which means no convicted felonies. Even if you have one, you will not even be considered to own a franchise. One franchise in United Recovery Specialists Inc will cost you roughly between twenty-five to thirty thousand dollars just to use their name. With that, you must be prepared to buy tow trucks that cost between thirty and thirty-five thousand dollars a piece. These tow trucks are an important necessity in order to recover cars. If you are planning on going the cheapest way possible, then you would want to lease land. To have a lot big enough to support many repossessions you will probably be spending seven hundred and fifty to eleven hundred a month. Insurance will also be a very high expense. With an average of seventy-five repossessions a month you will be spending around thirteen hundred and fifty dollars monthly. As far as employees go, you will probably need two adjusters (repo men). If the adjuster owns his or her own truck, then they will receive forty- three percent of gross invoice. Gross invoice will usually range between two hundred and fifty to three hundred and fifty dollars per repossession so the adjuster will receive one hundred and thirty dollars per repossession. If the driver does not own his or her own truck then they will receive twenty-five percent of gross invoice, which will entitle the adjuster to approximately ninety dollars. You also need a lot manager who will be expected to clean and inventory all repossessions. Salary for a lot manager starts at seven dollars an hour and he works fifteen to eighteen hours per week. You also need a secretary, who starts at around eight dollars and hour and works forty hours per week. You also need an office manager who takes care of all filing and calls banks with updates and his salary is approximately six hundred a week to st art. And last but not least you will need a sales manager who contacts the collection department with bank finance companies. The sales manager has a starting salary of seven hundred dollars per week. As far as licenses, you will need an auto dealer privilege license which cost approximately one hundred dollars and a collection or claims services license which cost approximately fifty dollars. If you own a United Recovery Specialists Inc business in North Dakota, then you must be bonded and licensed in North Dakota. The owner of United Recovery Specialists Inc is Jason Tibuke. Mr. Tibuke owns the upstate branches of United Recovery Specialists Inc. Jason is the original founder of the business. George Smith owns the lower area branches of United Recovery Specialists Inc. If you are considering opening or buying a franchise of United Recovery Specialists Inc, not only must you have a clean record and be licensed and bonded in the state of North Dakota, you must also have a reasonable net worth of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. This is insurance in case of lawsuits or accidents. There are no royalties required or stated in the contract. However, occasionally accounts are transferred from branch to branch. The length of contract or business agreement is that once you pay the initial twenty-five thousand to thirty thousand (depending on where you are going to locate) that you own the company and that you owe Jason Tibuke or George Smith nothing more after that. Research Papers on Research Paper on Franchising - Written for an Introductory Business ClassThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAWThe Project Managment Office SystemHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraOpen Architechture a white paperArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayCapital Punishment

Keeping Animals in Captivity is Inherently Wrong Essay - 50

Keeping Animals in Captivity is Inherently Wrong - Essay Example Keeping animals in captivity is not only ethically wrong and cruel but also proves challenging to mimic the exact elements as in the animals’ natural environments.Keeping animals in captivity is unethical because people abuse and exploit them (Bostock 127). Most people who keep animals in captivity use them in many wrong purposes. Scientists and researchers may want to carry out genetic, behavioral, and many other researches. They may also wish to test medicinal or other products. They use the animals they have kept captive to carry out the studies or observe any reaction of test products to the animal. They occasionally do this by forcing samples of substances and products to the animal’s body for instance through injections, feeding, and rubbing. In many cases, the animals end up developing complications from the test samples and even die. The entertainment industry is another area where animals receive many kinds of mistreatment. Animals get tired and disturbed by th e many activities and performances they have to do. As people come to view the animals and their activities, they may disturb their peace. For instance, the men’s children may make noises, give them unsolicited foodstuffs, throw destructive objects at them, and force them to play or perform. The animals thus find it hard to eat, take some rest, or do other biologically important activities in the presence of tourists. The use of animals in exotic pet trade is also another unethical issue. The animals mostly end up having discomforts;Â  pain/tiredness due to changing ownership and the environment, unsuitable handling during the trading, and long distance traveling. Production of fur, blood, milk and other products cannot be left behind since it causes discomfort and pain in the wild animals. The animals may end up developing cold, becoming weak, and unable to feed their young ones.